Covid-19 Vaccine Efficacy & Real-World Effectiveness Overview

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covid 19 vaccine efficacy

In this overview, we summarize two sets of currently available data: from randomized,
placebo controlled, Phase III clinical trials that provide baseline efficacy estimates, and
observational studies estimating real-world effectiveness after vaccine roll-out.


There are hundreds of vaccine candidates in various stages of development world-wide.
Here, we focus on vaccines included (and submitted: Sputnik V) in the World Health
Organization (WHO) Emergency Use Listing (EUL) as of November 2021. We have provided explanations of immune responses and how vaccines using different platforms trigger these responses.

  • Pfzer-BioNTech (BNT162b2, Comirnaty);
  • Moderna (mRNA-1273, SpikeVax);
  • AstraZeneca-Oxford (ChAdOx1, AZD1222, Vaxzervia/Covidshield);
  • Johnson and Johnson-Janssen (Ad26.COV2.S);
  • Bharat Biotech (BBV152, Covaxin);
  • Gamaleya (Gam-COVID-Vac, Sputnik V);
  • Sinovac (CoronaVac); and
  • Sinopharm (BBIBP-CorV/VeroCell).